1868

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century – 19th century – 20th century
Decades:	1830s  1840s  1850s  – 1860s –   1870s   1880s   1890s
Years:	1865 1866 1867 – 1868 – 1869 1870 1871

1868 in topic:

Humanities

Archaeology – Architecture – Art – Literature – Music

By country

Australia – Canada – France – Germany – Mexico – Philippines – South Africa – US – UK

Other topics

Rail Transport – Science – Sports

Lists of leaders

Colonial Governors – State leaders

Birth and death categories

Births – Deaths

Establishments and disestablishments categories

Establishments – Disestablishments

Works category

Works

1868 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1868 MDCCCLXVIII
Ab urbe condita	2621
Armenian calendar	1317 ԹՎ ՌՅԺԷ
Assyrian calendar	6618
Bahá'í calendar	24–25
Bengali calendar	1275
Berber calendar	2818
British Regnal year	31 Vict. 1 – 32 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2412
Burmese calendar	1230
Byzantine calendar	7376–7377
Chinese calendar	丁卯年十二月初七日 (4504/4564-12-7) — to — 戊辰年十一月十八日 (4505/4565-11-18)
Coptic calendar	1584–1585
Ethiopian calendar	1860–1861
Hebrew calendar	5628–5629
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1924–1925
- Shaka Samvat	1790–1791
- Kali Yuga	4969–4970
Holocene calendar	11868
Igbo calendar
- Ǹrí Ìgbò	868–869
Iranian calendar	1246–1247
Islamic calendar	1284–1285
Japanese calendar	Keiō 4 Meiji 1 (明治元年)
Juche calendar	N/A (before 1912)
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4201
Minguo calendar	44 before ROC 民前44年
Thai solar calendar	2411

Year 1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the " Meiji Restoration", his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the Chōshū and Satsuma Domains and against the supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate, triggering the Boshin War.
• January 5 – Paraguayan War: Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.
• January 7 – Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock.
• January 9 – Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends with arrival of the convict ship Hougoumont in Western Australia after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees.
• January 10 – Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration "illegal" and prepares to attack Kyoto.
• January 27– 31 – Battle of Toba-Fushimi: forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto, ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).
• February – Foreign ministers meeting in Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise the restored Emperor Meiji of Japan with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties.
• February 13 – The British War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the Army Post Office Corps.
• February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).
• February 24
  • Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Three days after his action to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the United States House of Representatives votes 126 to 47 in favour of a resolution to impeach Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, the first of two Presidents to be impeached by the full House. Johnson is later acquitted by the United States Senate.
  • The first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana.
• March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France.
• March 1 – The Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia.
• March 12 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, at a fund raising event for the Sydney Sailors Home by Irishman Henry James O'Farrell. The prince survives and quickly recovers; O'Farrell is executed on April 21 despite attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him.
• March 23 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into California law.
• March 24 – The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed.
• March 27 – The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York.

April–June

• April 1 – The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia.
• April 7 – The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism.
• April 9 – Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala. These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.
• April 10 – Battle of Magdala: A British-Indian task force inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, 2 of whom die subsequently.
• April 11–July – Fall of Edo: the Japanese city is surrendered to the Emperor Meiji. The Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.
• April 13 – The Napier Expedition ends with the suicide of Tewodros and the capture of Magdala by the British-Indian task force.
• April 29 – General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States the Plains Indians.
• May 16 – President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate.
• May 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom.
• May 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging.
• May 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan).
• May 31
  • Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitoba; he soon alienates the locals.
  • The first popular bicycle race is held at Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris.
• June 2 – The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England.
• June – Titokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government.
• June 20 – Fort Fred Steele is established to protect what is at this time the western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, near the present-day Sinclair, Wyoming .

July–September

• July 1 – The cable-operated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in Manhattan becomes the first elevated railway in the United States.
• July 4 – Battle of Ueno: Imperial Japanese troops defeat the Shōgitai (forces remaining loyal to the Shogun).
• July 5 – Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of the Salvation Army, in the East End of London.
• July 9 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.
• July 18 – The Navajo people begin their long march home.
• July 25 – Wyoming becomes a United States territory.
• July 27 – The United States Expatriation Act (An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States) is adopted.
• July 28 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection and all persons in the United States due process of law.
• August 13 – Arica earthquake in southern Peru (at this time) with an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0 kills around 25,000 with the resultant tsunami recorded on the far side of the Pacific Ocean.
• August 18 – The element later named as helium is first detected in the spectrum of the Sun's chromosphere by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total eclipse in Guntur, India, but assumed to be sodium.
• August 20 – Abergele Train Disaster in Wales: An Irish Mail passenger train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin: 33 are killed (the first major train disaster in Britain).
• August 22 – The Yangzhou riot in China targets a station of the China Inland Mission, and nearly leads to war between Britain and China.
• September – Glorious Revolution: Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she formally abdicates on June 25, 1870.
• September 3 – The Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to Tokyo.
• September 7 – Titokowaru's War: Māori leader Titokowaru defeats a New Zealand military force at Te Ngutu o Te Manu, North Island.
• September 18 – The University of the South holds its first convocation in Sewanee, Tennessee.
• September 23 – Rebels (some 400–600) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent; the local militia easily defeats them a week later.
• September 24 – Croatian–Hungarian Settlement ( Croatian: Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba, Hungarian: Horvát–magyar kiegyezés, German: Kroatisch-Ungarischer Ausgleich) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.

October–December

• October 1 – Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam.
• October 6 – The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00.
• October 10 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba in an event known as El Grito de Yara, initiating a war that lasts ten years (Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and widespread destruction).
• October 20 – English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D₃ Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element which he later names helium.
• October 23 – The current Japanese era name is changed to the Meiji period. The 265-year-long Edo period is at an end.
• October 28 – Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder.
• November 3 – U.S. presidential election, 1868: Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the election.

• November 2 – New Zealand officially adopts nationally observed standard time, and is perhaps the first country to do so.
• November 27 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.
• December 4 – Battle of Hakodate begins in Japan.
• December 6 – Paraguayan War – Battle of Itororó or Ytororó: Field-Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops.
• December 9 – The world's first traffic signal lights are installed at the junction of Great George Street and Bridge Street in the London borough of Westminster.
• December 25 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.

Date unknown

• Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of colour photography.
• Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is primordial matter and names it bathybius haecklii (he admits his mistake in 1871).
• The Académie Julian, a major art school in Paris, France that admits women, is established.
• Brisbane Grammar School is founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia.
• Maryland School for the Deaf is established.
• The Dortmunder Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany.
• Herrenhauser Brewery is established in Hanover, Germany.
• The Roman Catholic See of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, taking its territory from the former Diocese of Santa Fe. The Diocese of Tucson is canonically erected on May 8, 1897.
• The population of Japan reaches c. 30 million.

Births

January–March

• January 6 – Vittorio Monti, Italian Composer (d. 1922)
• January 9 – S.P.L. Sørensen, Danish chemist (d. 1939)
• January 11 – Cai Yuanpei, Chinese educator (d. 1940)
• January 31 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)
• February 5, – Maxine Elliott, actress, (d. 1940)
• February 10 – William Allen White, American journalist (d. 1944)
• February 12 – William Faversham, English actor (d. 1940)
• February 20 – John Nathan Cobb, American author, naturalist, conservationist, fisheries researcher, and educator (d. 1930)
• February 23 – W. E. B. Du Bois, American civil rights leader (d. 1963)
• February 26 – Venceslau Brás, Brazilian president (d. 1966)
• March 14 – Emily Murphy, Canadian woman's rights activist (d. 1933)
• March 22 – Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
• March 25 – William Lockwood, English cricketer (d. 1932)
• March 28 – Maxim Gorky, Russian author (d. 1936)

April–June

• April 8 – Herbert Jennings, American zoologist (d. 1947)
• April 10 – George Arliss, English actor (d. 1946)
• April 25 – John Bevins Moisant, American aviator, (d. 1910)
• April 25 – Willie Maley, Scottish football player and manager (d. 1958)
• April 28 – Lucy Booth, the fifth daughter of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1953)
• May 6 – Nicholas II of Russia (d. 1918)
• May 6 – Gaston Leroux, French writer (d. 1927)
• May 29 – Abdul Mejid II, last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1944)
• June 5 – James Connolly, Irish-Scots socialist (d. 1916)
• June 6 – Robert Falcon Scott, Antarctic Explorer (d. 1912)
• June 7 – Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (d. 1928)
• June 14 – Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1943)
• June 18
  • Miklós Horthy, Austro-Hungarian admiral and regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (d. 1957)
  • Georges Lacombe, French artist (d. 1916)

July–September

• July 12 – Stefan George, German poet (d. 1933)
• July 14 – Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator (d. 1926)
• July 17 – Henri Nathansen, Danish writer and stage director (d. 1944)
• August 23 – Edgar Lee Masters, American poet, biographer and dramatist. (d. 1950)
• August 10 – Hugo Eckener, German dirigible engineer, Commander of Graf Zeppelin I (d. 1954)
• August 26 – Charles Stewart, Premier of Alberta (d. 1946)
• September 1 – Henri Bourassa, Canadian politician and publisher (d. 1952)
• September 6 – Heinrich Häberlin, Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d. 1947)
• September 9 – Mary Hunter Austin, American writer of fiction and non-fiction (d. 1934)
• September 17 – James Alexander Calder, Canadian politician (d. 1956)
• September 22 – John T. Raulston, American state judge (Scopes Monkey Trial) (d. 1956)

October–December

• October 18 – Ernst Didring, Swedish writer (d. 1931)
• November 7 – Delfim Moreira, Brazilian president (d. 1920)
• November 8 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (d. 1942)
• November 9 – Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (d. 1934)
• November 14 – Arthur Hoey Davis, Australian author (d. 1935)
• November 22 – John Nance Garner, U.S. Vice President (d. 1967)
• December 9 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1934)
• December 9 – Ivan Regen, Slovenian biologist (d. 1947)
• December 19 – Eleanor Hodgman Porter, American novelist (d. 1920)
• December 25 – Eugenie Besserer, Silent film actress (d. 1934)

Deaths

January–June

• February 8 – Lai Wenguang, Chinese leader of the Taiping Rebellion and Nien Rebellion (b. 1827)
• February 11 – Léon Foucault, French physicist (b. 1819)
• February 29 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786)
• March 4 – Jesse Chisholm, American pioneer (b. 1805)
• March 28 – James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, British military leader (b. 1797)
• April 3 – Franz Berwald, Swedish composer (b. 1796)
• April 7 – Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Canadian father of confederation (assassinated) (b. 1825)
• April 13 – Emperor Theodore or Tewodros II of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), by suicide (b. 1818)
• May 7 – Henry Peter Brougham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778)
• May 10 – Henry Bennett, American politician (b. 1808)
• May 17 – Isami Kondo, Commander of the Shinsengumi (b. 1834)
• May 23 – Kit Carson, American trapper, scout, and Indian agent (b. 1809)
• June 1 – James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (b. 1791)
• June 22 – Heber C. Kimball, Latter Day Saint leader (b. 1801)

July–December

• July 6 – Sanosuke Harada, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1840)
• July 19 – Soji Okita, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1842 or 1844)
• August 3 – Edward Welch, Welsh architect (b. 1806)
• August 10 – Adah Isaacs Menken, American actress (b. 1835)
• September 19 – William Sprague, American minister and politician from Michigan (b. 1809)
• September 26 – August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790)
• October 17 – Laura Secord, Canadian patriot (b. 1775)
• October 18 – Mongkut, Rama IV, King of Thailand (b. 1804)
• October 27 – Charles Thomas Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1794)
• November 13 – Gioacchino Rossini, Italian composer (b. 1792)
• November 15 – James Mayer Rothschild, German-born banker (b. 1792)
• November 27 – Chief Black Kettle, Southern Cheyenne Peace Chief, Survivor of Sand Creek massacre (b. 1803)
• December 6 – August Schleicher, German linguist (b. 1821)