Mongoose

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A mongoose is a member of the family Herpestidae, a family of small cat-like carnivores. Mongooses are widely distributed in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and southern Europe. There are more than thirty species, ranging from one to four feet in length. Mongooses mostly feed on insects, crabs, earthworms, lizards, snakes, chickens, and rodents. However, they will also eat eggs and carrion. Some species, such as the Indian mongoose, are popularly used to fight and kill venomous snakes, even king cobras. They are able to do this because of their agility and cunning, but typically avoid the cobra and have no particular affinity for consuming their meat.

Some species of mongoose can be easily domesticated, are fairly intelligent, and can be taught simple tricks, so they are often kept as pets to protect the home from vermin. However, they can be more destructive than desired; when imported into the West Indies for the purpose of killing rats and snakes, they destroyed most of the small, ground-based fauna. For this reason, it is illegal to import most species of mongooses into the United States,^[1] Australia and other countries. Mongooses were introduced to Hawaii in 1883, and have had a significant impact on native species.^[2] Mongooses are sometimes referred to as "the most dangerous animals on the planet" for this reason.^{[citation needed]}

Mongooses are a common spectacle for road-side shows in India. Snake-charmers typically keep mongooses for mock fights with snakes. In Okinawa, Japan, there is a tourist attraction where a mongoose and a type of local venomous snake, the habu (one of various Trimeresurus species) are placed in a closed perimeter and allowed to fight, while spectators watch. However, due to pressure from animal rights activists, the spectacle is less common today.

The plural form of mongoose is mongooses or mongeese.^[3] The word mongoose is derived from the Marathi word mangus.

[edit] Anatomy

Mongooses have long faces and bodies, small rounded ears, short legs and long tapering tails. Most are brindled or grizzled; few have strongly marked coats. They have non-retractile claws that are used primarily for digging.

[edit] Range and distribution

Mongooses are distributed throughout North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Asia living in a variety of habitats from forests to open woodland, savanna, semi-desert and desert. Chiefly terrestrial, some are aquatic or semi-arboreal. The Indian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) can be found in Hawaii North America and is known locally as iole manakuke.

[edit] Ecology

[edit] Behavioral ecology

The Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) is sometimes held as an example of a solitary mongoose, though they have been observed to work in groups also.^[4]

The meerkat or suricate (Suricata suricatta) lives in troops of 2-3 families each comprising a male, a female and 2-5 offspring in open country in Southern Africa (Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa). Meerkats are small, diurnal mammals foraging for invertebrates in open country. Their behaviour and small size (they weigh less than one kilogram) makes them very vulnerable to larger carnivores and birds of prey. However, the meerkat has been known to eat small birds that migrate through Southern Africa. To protect the foraging troops from predators, one meerkat serves as a sentinel — climbing to an exposed vantage point and scanning the surroundings for danger. If the sentinel detects a predator it gives a loud alarm call to warn the troop and indicate if the threat comes from the air or the ground. If from the air, the meerkats rush as fast as they can to the nearest hole. If from the ground, the troop flees but not quite so fast as meerkats are more able to evade terrestrial predators than airborne raptors.

[edit] Taxonomy and classification

The mongooses belong to one of four families of terrestrial cat-like mammals descended from the Viverraines, which were civet/genet-like mammals. The mongoose family is a close evolutionary relation of the family Viverridae and mongooses are sometimes classified as members of this family; however, mongooses have characteristic and distinguishing morphological and behavioural features though they do have the same basic dental formula as the viverrids. In contrast to the arboreal, nocturnal viverrids, mongooses are more commonly terrestrial and many are active during the day. Most are solitary like the Egyptian mongoose but a few, for example meerkats, have well-developed social systems.

Less diverse than the viverrids, the 30 species and 11 genera of mongooses are assigned to only two subfamilies. The subfamily Herpestinae comprises 30 species of African and Asian mongooses, including the Cape gray mongoose, the Egyptian mongoose and the meerkat or suricate.

[edit] Classification

• FAMILY HERPESTIDAE
  • Subfamily Herpestinae
    • Genus Atilax
      • Marsh Mongoose, Atilax paludinosus
    • Genus Bdeogale
      • Bushy-tailed Mongoose, Bdeogale crassicauda
      • Jackson's Mongoose, Bdeogale jacksoni
      • Black-footed Mongoose, Bdeogale nigripes
    • Genus Crossarchus
      • Alexander's Cusimanse, Crossarchus alexandri
      • Ansorge's Cusimanse, Crossarchus ansorgei
      • Long-nosed Cusimanse, Crossarchus obscurus
      • Flat-headed Cusimanse, Crossarchus platycephalus
    • Genus Cynictis
      • Yellow Mongoose, Cynictis penicillata
    • Genus Dologale
      • Pousargues' Mongoose, Dologale dybowskii
    • Genus Galerella
      • Black Slender Mongoose, Galerella flavescens
      • Cape Grey Mongoose, Galerella pulverulenta
      • Slender Mongoose, Galerella sanguinea
      • Namaqua Slender Mongoose, Galerella swalius
    • Genus Helogale
      • Desert Dwarf Mongoose, Helogale hirtula
      • Dwarf Mongoose, Helogale parvula
    • Genus Herpestes
      • Short-tailed Mongoose, Herpestes brachyurus
      • Indian Gray Mongoose, Herpestes edwardsii
      • Indian Brown Mongoose, Herpestes fuscus
      • Egyptian Mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon
      • Indian Mongoose, Herpestes javanicus or Herpestes auropunctatus
      • Long-nosed Mongoose, Herpestes naso
      • Bengal Mongoose, Herpestes palustris
      • Collared Mongoose, Herpestes semitorquatus
      • Ruddy Mongoose, Herpestes smithii
      • Crab-eating Mongoose, Herpestes urva
      • Striped-necked Mongoose, Herpestes vitticollis
    • Genus Ichneumia
      • White-tailed Mongoose, Ichneumia albicauda
    • Genus Liberiictus
      • Liberian Mongoose, Liberiictis kuhni
    • Genus Mungos
      • Gambian Mongoose, Mungos gambianus
      • Banded Mongoose, Mungos mungo
    • Genus Mungotictis
      • Narrow-striped Mongoose, Mungotictis decemlineata
    • Genus Paracynictis
      • Selous' Mongoose, Paracynictis selousi
    • Genus Rhynchogale
      • Meller's Mongoose, Rhynchogale melleri
    • Genus Suricata
      • Meerkat, Suricata suricatta

[edit] In popular culture

• The martial art Shou Shu utilizes, among 6 other animals, the fighting principles of the mongoose. ^{[citation needed]}
• Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, the title character in Rudyard Kipling's story, is a mongoose.^[5] Rikki-Tikki-Tavi may also be known from the animated short film based on the story, directed by Chuck Jones.^[6] There is also a song by Donovan called Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, referencing Rudyard Kipling's famous mongoose.^[7]
• Pablo Neruda recounts in his Memoirs that during his stint in Ceylon he had a mongoose as pet ^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Gallery

[edit] Bibliography

• Anne Rasa: Mongoose Watch: A Family Observed. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday & Co., 1986
• H.E. Hinton and A.M.S. Dunn: Mongooses: Their Natural History and Behaviour. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.